Data sources & attribution
Multilingual Phonetic Representations (MPR) publishes its database under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). This covers its language records, word entries, frequencies, IPA transcriptions, pronunciation respellings, and MPR's rights in the database compilation. The written forms and frequency values sourced from wordfreq retain their license and attribution notices. See About the database for an overview and the full data license for the license text. The database is provided as-is, without warranties, subject to section 5 of that license.
When sharing the database, credit Multilingual Phonetic Representations and retain the upstream credits below. Include the license or a link to it and identify any changes you make. If you modify MPR data and share a version subject to ShareAlike, license that version under CC BY-SA 4.0 or another compatible license.
wordfreq
The written forms and frequency values stored in MPR's word entries come from wordfreq, created by Robyn Speer.
Copyright 2022 Robyn Speer.
The wordfreq data is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The full license includes attribution and ShareAlike conditions and a disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability. The upstream material is provided as-is, without warranties; see section 5 of that license.
MPR maintains its database schema and generates IPA transcriptions and pronunciation respellings through its population tools. The wordfreq attribution applies to the written forms and frequency values sourced from wordfreq; the phonetic representations are generated by MPR's tools. The exact imported wordfreq release and import parameters have not yet been recorded in the MPR repository.
The wordfreq software has a separate Apache License 2.0 notice; that software license does not replace the data license.
Upstream source acknowledgments
The following acknowledgments preserve the source credits described in wordfreq's upstream notice:
- Google Books Ngram Viewer and Google Books Syntactic Ngrams.
- Leeds Internet Corpus, University of Leeds Centre for Translation Studies.
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- ParaCrawl, a multilingual web crawl.
- OpenSubtitles, through OPUS OpenSubtitles 2018.
- SUBTLEX, credited below.
The upstream README also describes contributions from NewsCrawl, GlobalVoices, OSCAR, Twitter, Reddit, and a word list distributed with Jieba. Contributions vary by language; see wordfreq's sources and supported languages. These are sources used by wordfreq, rather than separate direct imports by MPR.
SUBTLEX authors
SUBTLEX is freely available data. We credit the authors of the SUBTLEX lists identified by wordfreq:
| List | Authors |
|---|---|
| SUBTLEX-US | M. Brysbaert and B. New. |
| SUBTLEX-UK | W. J. van Heuven, P. Mandera, E. Keuleers, and M. Brysbaert. |
| SUBTLEX-CH | Q. Cai and M. Brysbaert. |
| SUBTLEX-DE | M. Brysbaert, M. Buchmeier, M. Conrad, A. M. Jacobs, J. Bölte, and A. Böhl. |
| SUBTLEX-NL | E. Keuleers, M. Brysbaert, and B. New. |
The corresponding publications and additional corpus references appear in wordfreq's bibliography.
Research citation and notice provenance
For research, wordfreq's upstream notice requires citation. Its README provides:
Robyn Speer (2022), rspeer/wordfreq: v3.0 (v3.0.2), Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7199437.
These acknowledgments were checked on October 13, 2026 against wordfreq commit 912caf64b657478d1dff1138efdc078947d54bb1. That identifies the documentation reviewed, not the release originally used to populate the database.